![]() ![]() Further complicating treatment is the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria 34. Device-associated infections not only occur from direct implantation of bacteria, but also develop post-operatively following hematogenous bacteremia, or direct spreading from a nearby infection site 55, 56. Significant morbidity and even death are associated with implant-related infections, with outcomes often leading to complete implant removal, surgical debridement of the affected tissue, and long-term antibiotic therapy 55, 56. This number can be as high as 30% when open fractures are present 93. In the field of orthopedics alone, 2–5% of all procedures involving implants are complicated by infection 23. ![]() This review focuses on current animal models and technologies available to assess bone repair in the context of infection, antimicrobial agents to fight infection, the current state of antimicrobial scaffolds, and future directions in the field.ĭEVICE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS IN BONE RECONSTRUCTION Incorporating anti-infection properties into regenerative medicine therapies could improve clinical outcomes and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with biomaterial implant-associated infections. Tissue engineered scaffolds for bone repair provide a means to both regenerate bone and serve as a base for adding antimicrobial agents. ![]() Engineering implants to prevent infection is a desirable material characteristic. Currently, treatment options are limited to sustained, high doses of antibiotics and surgical debridement of affected tissue, leaving a significant, unmet need for the development of therapies to combat device-associated biofilm and infections. Bone fractures and non-union defects often require surgical intervention where biomaterials are used to correct the defect, and approximately 10% of these procedures are compromised by bacterial infection. ![]()
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